How Much Melatonin Do I Give A 3 Year Old Risk In Teenagers - Why Do They Take Work, Driving And Life Risks? Explanations Here

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Risk In Teenagers – Why Do They Take Work, Driving And Life Risks? Explanations Here

TO PRESERVE Generation Y’ers, employers must keep them safe and healthy at work as well as provide for work/life balance, and fun. This is a momentary statement of how the current young generation generally thinks. This emerged from Gen Y’s negative observations of how their parents and Gen X’s parents suffered with job insecurity, redundancy, stress and high job dissatisfaction.

Adolescence is probably the most difficult time of life. Getting used to adulthood is usually a painful transition. Have you ever wondered why teenagers think and act the way they do? Why do they have such a penchant for risk, for example. Some of the latest research finds that there are tangible, scientific reasons for this. There are answers to some of these questions through the field of psychology with a focus on brain development throughout this part of the lifespan.

This article aims to uncover and demystify the problems of adolescent brain development so that adult members of society (and parents) can at least understand and address these issues, giving young people the dignity and respect they deserve, and making the transition . to adulthood as painlessly as possible. What follows this short article is a series of summarized points from research-supported psychological science in 2006. (Source: Glendon, pp. 137-150, with full reference details at end. )

Remarks and Findings

Teenagers are usually better suited to late night shift work than mature adults, but are not as well suited to hazardous occupations where risk avoidance is essential because they may try to “reason” through the risk and may inadvertently be “bitten” by the danger, in the process . The “higher way” of thinking is not well developed in teenagers so why do we expect them to reason, and analyze details well? They simply do not perceive and handle risks well. Careful, mature and sensitive supervision is critical.

Teenagers are often frustrated when decisions need to be made based on probability or risk, and tend to do “stuff” anyway. Teenagers require quality, close supervision and mentoring for special tasks. If this does not happen, they will have accidents and injuries.

Hormonal changes are responsible for most of the brain development problems and must be managed, even in the mid- to late twenties. Gender differences are considerable – girls are between 4-6 years ahead of boys until their late 20s. This fact presents a myriad of relationship problems between the sexes.

Novelty seeking, sensation and risk-taking behaviors in teenagers can all be explained by the way the brain develops – it’s not just about personal choice.

Regarding driving, it is important to discourage young drivers from driving with more than one or two peers in the car at the same time. With each extra teenage passenger the risk of a crash is increased. The risks of young male drivers to crash during sweeping curves are higher than all other age and gender groups. Parents are critical role models for their teenagers regarding driving behavior – especially the same-sex parent. If a parent behaves inappropriately on the road, the teenager is likely to repeat it. It is the same for mothers and daughters.

In the work context, we should not give teenagers more than one thing at a time; for most, complex work routines and procedures are a setup for failure. More mature workers tend to set the tone for workplace culture and teenagers often simply conform to that culture. No matter how good the safety systems are, if the culture allows teenagers to take risks, they will will take them

It’s easy to discount young people as “carefree and uncaring”, the truth is that they can’t do much about how they are “wired” and the developmental curve they are on. The fact that they cannot use effective thinking and decision-making regarding risk in the same way as adults must be sensitively treated, because most teenagers are characteristically independent; they want to be treated like adults. As adults we should do as much as we reasonably can to keep them safe during the middle years, while respecting them in ways that show value for their ever-growing ability to relate as an adult.

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Bullet points of (referenced) summarized factual data:

When young people already engage in one risky behavior, other risky behaviors are more likely to follow.

There are three levels of brain development. 1) the corpus striatum or “reptilian brain”, which is responsible for routine and instinct (movement); it develops earliest. 2) The limbic brain is the “seat of emotions” (feeling) and develops later. 3) Neocortex or cortex-which occupies 80 percent of the brain volume- is the last to mature and is involved in (mental) reasoning and complex “higher way” thinking. Therefore, McLean (1949) proposed three brain developmental “streams” – movement, feeling and thought.[1]

The cortex is the “administrative filter” helping the lower centers, and is used in an understanding response.

“Limbic system circuits are relatively fixed and can powerfully influence our (thought) cognition.” (Glendon, 2006, p. 139).

The longer (but preferred) route of thinking is via the “higher way” or cortex. It is involved in a more detailed, factual analysis of issues, events and situations.

The cerebellum (responsible for posture and movement) is the oldest part of the brain and continues to grow well into late adolescence.[2]

Young male drivers (17-19 years) have a significantly higher risk of crashing when negotiating a bend than male drivers aged 30-39, and females of the same age.

The hippocampus has connections with both limbic structures and neocortex has a crucial “role in integrating emotion with thinking” – feeling and thought. (Glendon, 2006, p. 139).

Melatonin peaks later in the day for teenagers compared to children and adults could explain why they prefer to go to bed later and wake up later. This means that teenagers and young adults probably cope better with shift work in general than mature adults.

Because the right ventral striatum is less active in adolescence, teenagers are more driven to risky behavior because reward-seeking is suppressed, and not the motivator it could be ie the reward to stay safe.

Teenagers are more frustrated with a decision gambling task (“probability matching”) than children and adults because the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex does not fully mature until the mid-20s.

Young people may be able to “see” as well as adults, but they cannot perceive risks as well because they have yet to develop the higher level (cortex) cognitive interpretation functions.

Young people seem to engage in “extended reasoning” in risky situations, which paradoxically is not good because it is a time when instincts should come into play. Adults are “more likely to create a mental image of possible [injurious] results.” (Glendon, 2006, p. 141). In addition, the extended reasoning produces a longer response time, when a visceral response (gut reaction) would suffice.

The brain changes anatomically in a marked way between the ages of 18 and 25, explaining in part why insurance companies have “less than 25 clauses.”

Gender differences in brain development are considerable. “Girls’ brains develop faster than boys’…the typical brain of a 17-year-old boy is similar to that of an 11-year-old girl.” (Glendon, 2006, p. 142). Using another measure: brain myelination, there is a 3-4 year gender difference in favor of females. Using this measure, the brain development of men does not “reach” that of women until the age of 29 years.

While there have been some cross-sectional studies done, there have been very few longitudinal studies[3] and it is necessary that this be addressed.

Full brain maturity for both sexes is said to be mid- to late-twenties; in the meantime, the “brain is driven by hormonal changes” and behavioral safety issues due to this need to be managed. (Glendon, 2006, p. 142).

“Brain systems governing arousal, emotional experiences and social information processing become much more active at puberty.” This explains why we see “increases in news-seeking, sensation-seeking and risk-taking behaviors” in teenagers. (Glendon, 2006, p. 143-44).

Road accident data suggests that the risk of a crash increases with “each additional member of their peer group as a passenger.” (Glendon, 2006, p. 144). This means that parents should try to set a limit for their teenagers driving with only one or two peers in the car. Maybe four or five teenagers in one car is asking for trouble?

Peer pressure continues to be a significant issue for people up to about age 25 due to frontal lobe immaturity.

Multitasking functions are not perfected until young adulthood. Young drivers are even more susceptible to accidents when using cell phones, CD players, etc. while driving than adults. Teens should only be given one task at a time until it becomes apparent that they can handle more.

“Preventing exposure to danger” is likely to be the best way to protect young people, workers and drivers. (Glendon, 2006, p. 144). In other words, care must be taken to protect and provide for the safety of young people in dangerous environments such as roads. Audit controls are appropriate and preferred.

Parents are critical role models for their teenagers regarding driving behavior – especially the same-sex parent. If a parent behaves inappropriately on the road, the teenager is likely to repeat it.

In the work context, more mature workers set the tone for workplace culture and teenagers often simply conform to that culture. No matter how good the safety systems are, if the culture allows teenagers to take risks, they will take them.

Key Reference:

Glendon, I., Brain development during adolescence: some implications for risk and injury liability, in Journal of Occupational Health and Safety: Australia and New Zealand2006, 22(2): 137-150.

Footnotes:

[1] Jones, Joseph M. (1995) Affect as Process: An Inquiry into the Centrality of Affect in Psychological Life (Contributor Joseph D. Lichtenberg, 268 pages, The Analytical Press, Hillsdale, New Jersey and London) pp. 62-63.

[2] Goodburn, Elizabeth A., and Ross, David A. (1995). “Image of Health: A Review and Annotated Bibliography of the Health of Young People in Developing Countries.” Published by the World Health Organization and UNICEF. The World Health Organization quantifies “adolescence” as of ages 10-19 years.

[3] Longitudinal studies usually involve following a cohort group for 20-30 years, and are obviously rarer in research circles compared to cross-sectional studies because it is difficult to keep track of the same group of individuals over that period of time.

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How Much Melatonin Do I Give A 3 Year Old Risk In Teenagers – Why Do They Take Work, Driving And Life Risks? Explanations Here

Risk In Teenagers – Why Do They Take Work, Driving And Life Risks? Explanations Here

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